Obesity in America Essay - 1166 Words

You don’t have a lot of money on you and you’re hungry so you grab a bite to eat at a nearby fast food restaurant. Without realizing what you are putting into your body you continue eating these inexpensive meals every night on your way home from work. Weeks turn into months and the next thing you know your cloths don’t fit the way they used you beginning to notice yourself gaining weight. Obesity among young Americans is a problem and can have serious effects if nothing is done about it. Obesity isn’t a person with a few extra pounds to spare. It is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an effect on health causing reduced life expectancy and possibly increased health problems. A†¦show more content†¦In America childhood obesity statistics show that almost 60 percent of children are obese. This statistic continues to grow at an alarming rate. 70 percent of obese adolescence become obese adults. This means when these children grow into adults they will have more health problems than they already do and their quality of life will decrease. The amount of children who are obese between ages 6-11 years old has risen from 6.5 percent in 1980 to 19.6 percent, in 2008. In adolescents ages 12-19 years old the obesity rates risen from 5.0 percent in 1960 to 18.1 percent in 2008. Last year the United States government stated that obesity and type 2 diabetes have become a national epidemic. Obesity is becoming a serious medical issue and if we as a nation don’t gain control over it, we are going to be dealing with major problems in the future. (Obesity In Children And Teens) Surprisingly over 68 billion dollars are spent every year just on obesity related heath problems. That’s a lot of money, this money would not be spent if people were not realizing that obesity is becoming a issue for many. Adolescents who come from a poor family are 2.6 times more likely to be obese. One of the reasons is because healthy foods are more expensive to buy than quick and easy fast foods. (Facts About Childhood Obesity and Overweightness) Could parents be part of the reason behind their child’s obesity? I think yes. AShow MoreRelatedObesity in America909 Words   |  4 Pages When discussing the issue of obesity in America, it seems to be that there is plenty of blame to go around and most of that blame falls on fast food companies. When searching for a concrete ans wer to the question used as my title, you will find none because there isn’t one. When asked this simple question, it is easy to blame the obesity problem on fast food considering 8 out of 10 Americans consume fast food according to a report done by the Huffington Post. But after doing more research you willRead MoreObesity in America787 Words   |  4 PagesGood news! We’re Number 2! As declared by a 2013 report from the U.N., America has only the second highest obesity rate in the world at 31.8%, second to Mexico with an obesity rate of 32.8%. America has held on to the title of most obese country for over 60 years. From 13% obesity in 1962, estimates have steadily increased right up to 2013’s 32.8%. This may sound like good news, but the harsh truth is that America didn’t reach the number 2 spot through sweeping diet changes or social conscienceRead MoreObesity in America909 Words   |  4 PagesObesity in America In the United States of America, there is a current epidemic of obesity throughout the country. Every age group is affected by this unfortunate trend. Even children are not immune to the national obesity problem. For a country that has an abundance of job opportunities, educational opportunities, and financial opportunities, it is a sad statement of fact that far too many people are tipping the scales in unhealthy ways. It is a fact that a disproportionate amount of the nationsRead MoreObesity : America s Obesity1204 Words   |  5 PagesDraft Obesity in America How many times a week do you go out to McDonald s or Taco Bell for dinner? If you go more than once or twice a week then you really need to look at your diet and how healthy your lifestyle is. America is having a huge obesity crisis, too many Americans just don’t care about how much they weigh or unhealthy their lifestyle is. From the advertisement of the fast food companies, to people not being able to afford healthier foods, and people just being plain lazy, America hasRead MoreObesity in America2116 Words   |  9 PagesENG 101 SL1 26 June, 2006 Obesity in America Obesity in America is a continually growing problem and even worse our own children are sharing in this problem. A commentary in the Washington Times reports that sixty million Americans are obese. What really is the meaning of obese? Obese is having a body mass index of thirty percent or more. In recent years, the percentage of obese Americans has risen. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the National CenterRead MoreObesity in America2898 Words   |  12 PagesIn the United States today, obesity has become an enormous problem. In the last 3 decades, the number of people overweight has increased dramatically. A study done by the Centers of Disease Control showed that since 1980, one third of our adult population has become overweight. America is the richest but also the fattest nation in the world and our obese backsides are the butt of jokes in every other country (Klein 28). The 1980s were a time when Americans suddenly started going crazy over dietingRead MoreObesity in America995 Words   |  4 PagesFences Essay As humans we all have certain motivations behind every action that we exhibit. This is called a hierarchy of needs, and in 1943 a scientist by the name of Abraham Maslow theorized it. When he discovered this characteristic of the human body, he came out with an organized chart, or pyramid. His pyramid showed five different levels, Basic needs, Safety, Love and Belonging, Self esteem, and Self-Actualization. Basically he created a blueprint for life. First you have to lay your foundationRead MoreObesity in America Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesa long time, obesity has been one of the notable health concerns that America has struggled with during the last five decades .Obesity as a health concern is not limited to America alone, it is a serious concern among other affluent societies like European countries. A considerable number of Americans spend a significant amount of money trying to lose weight. Obesity become an important focus in the news items during the year 2002.According t o research findings, the rate of obesity among the AmericanRead MoreEssay On Obesity In America955 Words   |  4 PagesObesity in America Over the years the obesity rate in America has increased significantly. From 1990 to 2016, the average percentage of obese adults increased from 11.1% to 29.8%. The escalating obesity rate in America has made obesity prevention one of the top public health priorities. Being overweight has become the new normal in America. Obesity is caused by eating too much and moving too little, depression, and the input of social media. A lot of people wonder why we are so concerned aboutRead MoreThe Problem of Obesity in America840 Words   |  3 PagesObesity: one of the nation’s most critical health problems. â€Å"Overweight is defined as having excess body weight for a particular height from fat, muscle, bone, water, or a combination of these factors. Obesity is defined as having excess body fat† (â€Å"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention†). When energy input and output get out of balance, obesity arises. Many factors can cause someone to become obese such as genetics, metabolism, level of physical activity, and more. â€Å"Overweight and obesity

Analysis Of The Book Wooden On Leadership - 1513 Words

Executive Summary The topic of leadership continues to attract several theoretical arguments as the practice of leadership varies depending on a variety of factors (Loveridge, 2014). However, the contributions made by John Wooden in transforming leadership are impeccable, with his many years as a basketball coach earning him admiration and success in equal measure. John Wooden, therefore, explains how leaders can get the maximum potential out of their followers through enhancing the individual abilities and shaping the personal efforts in a manner that guarantees personal peak performances and subsequent improvement of team or organizational performance. The book â€Å"Wooden on Leadership† is a revelation of the wisdom of the author in matters of leadership. Through the book, readers are able to acquire the essential facets of practical and theoretical leadership, as the author depicts a chronological method that he applied in ensuring that every person within his circle of i nfluence obtained their goals. It presents the core methods, beliefs, concepts, and essentials that could guide leaders in teaching their teams on how to attain and maintain their competitive advantages (Wooden Jamison, 2007). Besides, it focuses on heightening the personal success through giving audience to all members within the organizational or team work force. This paper discusses the main themes that John Wooden depicts. Through this analysis, the paper will look into the validity andShow MoreRelatedInclusivity That Defines The Nature Of Modern Leadership1542 Words   |  7 Pagesof modern leadership. The author centers his argument on self-practices and individual achievements, leaving behind the contributions by other stakeholders within the organization. Though he states that it is critical to have an insight on the views of others and accept correction of mistakes, the author does not outline the role of leadership in convincing the organization when in times of a crisis . In light of the above arguments, certain questions fail to find answers both in the book and in theRead MoreWooden on Leadership Review1974 Words   |  8 PagesBook Review: â€Å"Wooden on Leadership† John Wooden is a legendary basketball coach, best known for his UCLA dynasty, which won an unprecedented and unthinkable 10 national championships in 12 years. That stretch included an 88-game win streak and four perfect seasons. But Wooden’s proudest accomplishments are not those of which are collected in the annals of sports history. And they have little to do with winning or losing. In his book â€Å"Wooden on Leadership,† the coach reveals that he neverRead MoreDifference Between Leadership And Coaching1661 Words   |  7 Pagesnaturally is how I view leadership on a very broad level. I base my view on a book I read a long time ago on coaching – but I don’t remember the name. In my experience, there are significant similarities between leadership and coaching. To name a few, both involve motivation, maximization of individual effort as a team, achieving a shared vision, and crossing the finish line together. 2. More specifically, my philosophy includes a few hallmark cornerstones that comprise my leadership foundation whichRead MoreDifference Between Leadership And Coaching1666 Words   |  7 Pagesview leadership on a very broad level. This view is based on a quote from a book I read a long time ago on coaching – but I don’t remember the name. In my experience, there are significant similarities between leadership and coaching. To name a few, both involve motivation, maximization of individual effort as a team, achieving a shared vision, and crossing the finish line together. 2. More specifically, my philosophy also includes a few hallmark cornerstones that comprise my leadership foundationRead MoreThe Lego Group Analysis1615 Words   |  7 Pages1484 – Managing Strategy Portfolio 1 The LEGO Group Analysis June 26, 2013 Word count: 1,517 Table of contents Title | Page | 1. Application of the PESTEL analysis | 3 | 2. Application of the Porter’s Five Forces Analysis | 4 | 3. Application of the TOWS Matrix | 6 | 4. Conclusions | 7 | 5. Figure | 8 | 6. References | 8 | In this assignment the LEGO Group are examined by using a PESTEL analysis (Turner, S., 2002,), Porter’s Five Forces framework and TOWSRead MoreTrouble Brews at Starbucks765 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumers’ like many other retailers felt the pain. Howard Schultz was Starbuck’s visionary leader and CEO from 1987 to 2000. Replaced by Jim Donald, Schultz is being brought back to aid in the restoration of Starbuck’s cachet as a premier brand. ANALYSIS The main vision of Howard Schultz was to create a romance with coffee. Similar to coffee bars in Italy he wanted a place where customers could have a relationship with the coffee and coffee bar. He believed that coffee was a social aspect whichRead MoreForensic Accountants Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pagesillegal investment schemes. Certain government agencies have established core competency frameworks that a forensic accountant student’s must demonstrate. Some of these skills include strategic critical thinking, problem solving/decision making, leadership, interpersonal and communication skills, and professional and ethical behavior. Strategic critical thinking is the ability to link data, knowledge, and insight together from various disciplines to provide information for making a decision and communicateRead MoreNothing From The Korean War On North Korea1399 Words   |  6 Pages Book Review Nothing to Envy: Ordinary lives in North Korea The novel,Nothing to Envy: Ordinary lives in North Korea, tells the stories of six North Korean citizens from Chongjin, third largest city in Democratic People s Republic of Korea. After the Korean War in the 60th, the aid from Communist China and Soviet Union caused industrial growth in North Korea. During this time the daughter of a South Korean Prisoner of War described the hardships she faces as a citizen with tainted blood. TheRead MoreThe Destruction Of The World Of Ancient Europe And David Blackbourn s The Conquest Of Nature Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesGermany to the Nazis to his present day Germany and he connects multiple narratives to connect conquest of people to The Conquest of Nature, and how it can be abused. These two books were chosen because they do more than just add to knowledge, they have provided digestible fables for environmental issues and the three remaining books do not. Alfred Crosby’s Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 provides its reader with a wealth of knowledge and a narrative of how â€Å"Neo-Europes†Read MoreIndividual Case Project #1. . Lego Case. . . Briana Basilone1607 Words   |  7 Pagessons began designing wooden toys. The idea started out very small, but they ended up becoming one of the biggest toy leaders in the world. Although they are a huge success and known globally today, that does not mean they never encountered roadblocks; they actually ran into quite a few, including competitors, lawsuits, and loss of revenue (Bigus, 2011). Like every company, LEGO brand has their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, presented using a SWOT analysis (Rothaermel, 2017, p

My First Driving Experience Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Sitting in the driver’s place. perspiration dribbling down my brow. my heavy external respiration joined with the thundering buffeting in my thorax. † a feeling all excessively existent. yet one that was necessary to carry through my turning experience. As you mature. these memorable â€Å"First clip experiences† come your manner go forthing lasting pes prints in your life. As for me. the first clip larning how to drive was a one clip experience that had much more in shop for me than had of all time anticipated. It was a beautiful Saturday forenoon. and I had woken up in an cheerful temper dying to get down off my twenty-four hours as freshly aged 16 twelvemonth old. As I am acquiring up. I see my ma standing in my room access with a smile stretching stat mis across her face from ear to ear. â€Å"Honey. I believe you are decidedly old plenty to get down your first driving lesson! What do you state? † As if she had profoundly offended me I annoyingly reply. We will write a custom essay sample on My First Driving Experience Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Mom do you cognize how unsafe it is to drive around the streets filled with brainsick drivers ready to do devastation in every corner they turn in? its a war zone out at that place! † â€Å"Honey. danger is inevitable. and it’s ever skulking in anything new you try. but I believe in you sweetie. merely give it a attempt. † Surprisingly. my ma ends up converting me. and before I know it I am in the drivers place of her new cherry ruddy Mustang. After a few proceedingss of seeking to convert myself I have made the right determination. I put on my place belt. look into my mirrors. and I place the key in the ignition. On my moms way. I nervously turn on the auto. at this point my bosom is a bomb clicking off at every second that passes. â€Å"Now easy start pressing on the gas pedal. † is all I hear when â€Å"Bam! † I slam my pes and into the auto I go parked right in forepart of me. The silence that followed spoke a million words. â€Å"I am done† is all I hear myself say as I get out of the auto. banging the door behind me. The following forenoon I stay in my room for most of the twenty-four hours. and I see a familiar silhouette standing in my door manner. â€Å"Today is a new twenty-four hours. and completing what you start will do you a stronger single. retrieve giving up will non acquire you anyplace. I believe in you honey. but most significantly you need to believe in yourself. † These soothing words of encouragement were all I needed at that minute. non merely did it do me recognize that I was capable of accomplishing this and more. but it was a encouragement of assurance like no other. â€Å"Mom I want to give it another shooting. I know I am ready. † with a smilings she nods. â€Å"Now that’s what I call assurance. † So. there I am. the ruddy visible radiation glowering at me. the engine boom. teasing me to get down. the paved route pressing me to sit its charcoal-like surface. I take a deep breath. and I go for it. easy this clip. but with more reassurance. As the p roceedingss tick off. I can experience myself doing advancement. â€Å"There you go you’re making it! † my ma says excitedly. and this is all I need to hike my assurance to its soap. Before I know it I am driving around as swimmingly and every bit fleetly as an ice skater effortlessly skating on thin ice. A bosom warming smiling from my ma was plenty for me. and the joy I felt that twenty-four hours was wholly overpowering. This peculiar first clip experience on larning how to drive greatly impacted me. It made me recognize that giving up should neer be an option. good at least for me I know it neer will be. I have learned to endeavor. and push through any obstruction that may traverse my way to success. Get the better ofing this obstruction has shown me that holding finding is the cardinal factor in being able to accomplish something you deemed impossible. Just retrieve to neer allow your fear overcome your finding. allow your finding overcome your fright. and you will win in what you set your head to.

Prophet Muhammed Essay Example For Students

Prophet Muhammed Essay Muhammad: His Life based on the Earliest SourcesAcclaimed worldwide as the ultimate resource material on the topic, in the English language, Martin Lings Life of Muhammad is unmatched by any other book. It is said to be the most definitive biography. First published in 1983, it is based on Arabic sources of the eighth and ninth centuries. Some important passages of these are translated in Martin Lings work. The volume owes the freshness of its approach to the words of the men and women who heard Muhammad speak and witnessed the events of his life. This not only ensures accuracy but also makes available valuable historical data. Lings writing is characterized by his exceptional gift for the narrative and for detailed description. His work reflects, at once, the simplicity and magnificence of the story of the great mans life. This is easily the best biography of the Prophet in the English language. Dr Victor Danner An enthralling story that combines impeccable scholarship with a rare s ense of the sacred worthy of the subject. The SpectatorMohammed (literally one praised) was born and raised in Mecca in Arabia. There is much source material on the life of the Prophet Mohammed. The book of revelations that he received from the Archangel Gabriel is known as the Quran. The Quran does not contain the life of Mohammed directly, although there are references made to it by the Archangel, and neither are the words of Mohammed in the Quran, although the Archangel does instruct Mohammed on what to say in various situations. The book of sayings of Mohammed as well as his deeds is known as the Hadith. Mohammeds life is a dramatic tale of exile from his home town of Mecca, to the nearby town of Medina, after which his following grew so rapidly that he actually defeated the Meccan armies in numerous battles, later to capture the city of Mecca by force.Excerpt from Muhammad, his life based on the earliest sources Lings work achieves what few others can claim to on the subject. I t is exhaustive and comprehensive without being dry or tedious. It reflects not only the Prophets day-to-day existence but is also a chronicle of the age. It depicts with startling clarity the upheaval and change in attitude that took place with the arrival of Islam. His work acknowledges the esteemed position that women occupy in Islam and chronicles the way in which the religion emancipated women from the bondage of men by giving them equal rights. Women could inherit property, give evidence in courts of law, participate in trade and commerce, and had equal right to education. To understand the work is to know who the Prophet really was. The book embodies events in his life and his personal attributes with refreshing candor. The riveting narrative brings out the true sense of grandeur inherent in the story of the Prophet. A classic written after examining all the Arabic sources on his biography, the work stands solidly against modern historical critical methodology. Viewing the life of the Prophet as phases of a mission, this biography provides a perceptive account of what transpired 1,400 years ago. It synthesizes and analyzes various events from the life of the Prophet showing how different actions of the Prophet achieved the various objectives he set out to accomplish. These objectives include the formulation of the Islamic State, Preservation of the State, Foreign policy, Education of Companions etc. It portrays the historical Muhammad: a passionate, complex being who possessed political and spiritual gifts, and whose vision of monotheism intuitively answered the deepest longings of his people. Lings projected information in such a manner that the reading produces not only an intense feeling of reverence and regard for the Prophet but also generates a desire to emulate him. Ling focuses on a detailed description of the Prophets life. In his work, he embodies the spiritual leader, the warrior, and the man with all the facets of his personalit y. CriticismsWhile most acknowledge the brilliance of the work, some Islamic scholars differ. They feel that the biography draws heavily on sources, which, although ancient, are not fully trustworthy. They quote the example of Al-Waaqidis Maghaazi, from which Lings has translated passages. According to them, it is replete with forged traditions, and has been rejected by eminent specialists of hadith literature. At the beginning of his treatise, Lings chose to quote from texts of the Bibles Book of Genesis regarding the story of Abraham and how he settled his wife and son at Makkah. The Biblical account put Ishmaels age at 13, whereas the traditions of Al-Bukhari indicate that he was a suckling babe at the time of their arrival in Makkah. It could be said, with justification that the age difference is of minor significance. When criticized for quoting from the Bible instead of Islamic sources Lings replied: I myself am more prepared to accept what Divine Revelation tells us than what was handed down in Arabia by word of mouth from generation to generation.The incident of the Prophets entry into Makkah is distorted, according to critics. He was commissioned by Allah to purify the Ka`bah by ridding it of all the idols surrounding it. This was authentically related in the compilation of Al-Bukhari. .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa , .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .postImageUrl , .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa , .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa:hover , .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa:visited , .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa:active { border:0!important; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa:active , .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucec7a72b5670fec01697746fcb8571aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Wembley National Stadium Construction EssayLings relation, however, gleaned from the forged narratives (Al-Waaqidi and Al-Azragis work.) contradicts the essential principle of tauheed (unity of Godhead). Lings writes: Apart from the icon of the Virgin Mary and the child Jesus and a painting of an old man said to be Abraham, the walls inside (the Ka`bah) had been covered with pictures of pagan deities. Placing his hand protectively over the icon, the Prophet told `Uthman to see that all other paintings, except that of Abraham, were effaced. However, majority continues to eulogize the work of Martin Lings and holds it in great esteem as a significant resource on Islam an d the life of the Prophet. The book has been read with equal fascination by those already familiar with Muhammads life and those learning about it for the first time. It was selected as the best biography of the Prophet in English, at the National Seerat Conference in Islamabad, Pakistan, in 1983. In 1990, the book attracted the attention of Al-Azhar University, and the author received a decoration from President Mubarak. Lings view of religionThis is consistent with the philosophy to which Lings adheres and propounds in his other writings, namely, The Perennial Philosophy. The principal theme of Perennialism is that all religions are in reality one, and mutually supportive and acceptable; it is merely their outer manifestations that differ. (Lings The Eleventh Hour). He believes in reincarnation (p. 26-29) and the pagan theory of pantheistic monism, i.e., the union of man and God (p. 104, 106). Such tenets are contrary to the teachings of Islam as contained and preserved in the Quran and the authentic Prophetic Sunnah; the sole criteria for a Muslim for distinguishing truth from error and falsehood. Religion is a system of thought, feeling, and action shared by a group that gives members an object of devotion. Lings believes the principles of universal goodwill and doctrine of the equality of humankind, which Muhammad proclaimed, represents one very great contribution to the social uplift of humanity. All great religions have preached the same doctrine but the prophet of Islam had put this theory into actual practice and its value will be fully recognized when international consciousness is awakened, and greater brotherhood of humanity comes into existence.

Seed priming technique Essay Example

Seed priming technique Paper Abstraction Seed priming is a technique by which seeds are partly hydrated to a point where sprouting processes begin but extremist outgrowth does non happen. Priming can be found effectual both for leguminous plants and grain harvests. A pot experiment was conducted under green house conditions at Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during summer of 2007. The seeds were invigorated by traditional soakage ( hydropriming ) , osmo-conditioning ( soaking of seeds in aerated, low-water-potential solutions ) utilizing, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate KH2PO4, Mannitol, Polyethylene ethanediol ( PEG ) , sodium molybdate ( Na2MO4.2H2O ) and hormonal priming by utilizing salicylic acid ( SA ) . The scopes of osmotic potency for all the priming interventions were -0.5 to -1.2 M Pa. All the animation interventions significantly affected works energy, biomass, root, shoot length and nodulation. Osmopriming utilizing P @ 0.60 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 significantly improved seed energy in footings of average outgrowth clip ( 5.52 to 4.51 yearss ) , concluding sprouting per centum ( 74 to 89 % ) root and shoot length and nodulation ( 0 to 4 nodules seedling-1 ) followed by Osmitrol priming ( Mannitol @ 2 % ) . Overall all the seed priming techniques significantly improved the energy of mungbean seedlings as comparison to command. The usage of polythene ethanediol is expensive and gave similar consequences as for dry seeding so it should be replaced by hydropriming in farther experiments. It is recommended that nutrient-priming and osmopriming can be used as effectual tool for animation of mungbean seeds, for better growing and seedling constitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Seed priming technique specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Seed priming technique specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Seed priming technique specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cardinal words: Osmo-priming, hydropriming, Vigna radiata, seedling energy, nodulation Introduction Seed priming is a pattern by which seeds are partly hydrated to a point where sprouting processes begin but extremist outgrowth does non happen ( Harris et al. , 2000 ) . Seed priming can be found effectual for legumes i.e. , outputs of Mungbean and Chickpea were increased well by priming seeds for 8 H before seeding ( Harris et al. , 1999 ; Musa et al. , 2001 ; Rashid et al. , 2004 ) . Mungbean ( Vigna radiata ( L. ) Wilczek ) is grown on over 200,000 hour angle with production of more than 100,000 T under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Pakistan. Outputs for the rainfed country are by and large low and variable due to sparse, fickle rainfall and fringy dirts. Mungbean production in Punjab Province is dependent chiefly on surface irrigation but it is besides grown under rain fed conditions. In the Southern part of Pakistan rainfall is bare and mungbean is grown with surface irrigation merely. Poor harvest constitution is a major restraint for mungbean production ( Naseem et. al. , 1997 ; Rahmianna et al. , 2000 ) and high outputs can be associated with early energy ( Kumar et al. , 1989 ) . Improved seed animation techniques are being used to cut down the sprouting clip, to acquire synchronised sprouting, better sprouting rate, and better seedling base in many horticultural ( Bradford et al. 1990 ; Rudrapal and Nakamura 1998 ) and field harvests like wheat, corn ( Aquilla and Tritto 1991 ; Basra et Al. 2002 ) and more late rice ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These animation techniques include hydropriming, osmoconditioning ( Basra et al. 2005 ) , osmohardening ( Farooq et al. 2006 ) and indurating ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These interventions can besides be employed for earlier and better babys room base constitution ( Lee et al. 1998 ) . This survey was initiated to research the effects of aerated hydration, hormonal priming ( salicylic acid ) , alimentary priming ( Phosphorous and molybdenum burden ) and osmo-conditioning on mungbean ( vigna radiata ) seed energy under green house conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed stuff Seeds of mungbean cultivar Chakwal Mung-97 ( CH-MUNG 97 ) were obtained from Barani Agricultural Research Institute ( BARI ) , Chakwal. The seeds were sterilized by utilizing 30 % hypochlorite for five proceedingss and so washed three times with distilled H2O. Seed Treatments The following seed priming interventions were applied Food priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of phosphoric ( P @ 0.60 A ; 1.20 % ) and molybdate ( Mo @ 0.02 A ; 0.04 % ) . The beginnings for phosphoric and Mo were potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( KH2PO4 ) and sodium molybdate ( Na2MoO4.2H2O ) , severally. Osmopriming The seeds were soaked in aerated solutions of Osmitrol ( mannitol @ 2 % A ; 4 % ) and polyethylene glycole ( Polyethylene glycol @ 5 % A ; 10 % ) . Hormonal priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of salicylic acid ( SA @ 10 A ; 20 ppm ) Post intervention operations After seed treatments the seeds were given surface rinsing three times by distilled H2O. Aeration was besides applied by pump. Air dried dirt was placed in 10-cm tall plastic pots with 6-cm diameter. The dirt used in the pot experiment was flaxen loam holding pH of 7.9. Dirt was made crumbly by rubing the surface with a two centimeter broad table fork to a deepness of 1-cm of moist dirt. The seeds were besides inoculated before seeding. Ten Numberss of seeds were planted in each pot and thinned to six workss per pot. Similar sum of H2O applied in regular intervals to all pots under survey. The workss were harvested 21 yearss after seeding ( DAS ) , and seedlings root/shoot length were taken. The seedlings were dried at 75 oC for 48 hours and the dry affair was eventually determined. The complete randomized design ( CRD ) was used in pot experiment. Analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) was used to compare intervention agencies. Consequence The information showed that different seed priming interventions had important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence on average outgrowth clip ( MET ) . The average outgrowth clip decreased with the application of seed priming interventions. Maximal average outgrowth clip ( 5.52 yearss ) observed in T1 ( control ) where dry untreated seeds were sown. Minimum ( 4.51 yearss ) MET was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.06 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 ) . All the interventions resulted in lower MET as comparison to command ( 5.52 yearss ) . The information besides revealed similar tendency with regard to fifty per centum ( E50 ) seeds to emerge as of MET. The lowest E50 was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . There was important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of different seed priming techniques on dry weight of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . The maximal fresh and dry weight was obtained in T5. All the priming interventions increased the fresh and dry weight of the seedlings except T2 and T12. Equally far as concluding sprouting is concerned maximal sprouting was achieved in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . The lowest sprouting per centum was observed in T11 and T12 where polythene ethanediol was applied at the rate of five ( 5 ) and ten ( 10 ) per centum ( Table 1 ) . There was important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of different seed priming techniques on nodule formation and figure of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . All the priming techniques significantly increased the nodulation of seedlings as comparison to command except T10 and T12. Maximum nodule figure was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) followed by T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) . The information besides depicts that T9 and T11 are at par and T1, T10 and T12 gave similar consequences. The information depicts that seed priming had important impact on the root every bit good as shoot length, 21 yearss after seeding ( DAS ) . All the priming interventions significantly increased the root every bit good as shoot length of seedlings. The information revealed that T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) and T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) gave the best consequences. The lowest root length ( 4.56 centimeter ) was observed in control. T4 ( Mo @ 0.04 % ) showed lower root length than T2 and T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) and higher from control. Treatment T6 ( P @ 1.2 % ) showed lower root length than T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) and at par with T1 and T4. Hormonal priming utilizing salicylic acid ( SA @ 20 ppm ) besides showed lower root length than T7 ( SA @ 10 ppm ) and at par with T4 and T6. The information besides showed that T10 ( mannitol @ 4 % ) is lower than T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) and at par with T7. The information besides depicts that T12 ( PEG @ 10 % ) showed lower root length as comparison to T11 ( PEG @ 5 % ) whic h showed besides higher root length than all other interventions except T2 and T9 ( Figure 1 ) . Maximal shoot length observed in the T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) followed by T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) . The information besides depicts the shortest shoot length was observed in the control. The information besides revealed that T4 resulted in lower shoot length than T3 and T2. It is besides apparent that T6 is lower than T5 and at par with T3 and T2 ( Figure 1 ) . T8 showed higher shoot length than T7 and at par with T2, T3 and T6. Treatments T9 and T10 and T11, T12 besides showed similar consequences. Discussion Earlier and more unvarying sprouting and outgrowth was observed in fit seeds as indicated by lower MET and E50, higher sprouting per centum and root and shoot dry weight ( tables 1 ) . Lesser MET and E50 specify the earlier and rapid sprouting. These findings support the anterior work on canola ( Brassica compestris ) ( Zheng et al. , 1994 ) , wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) ( Nayyar et al. , 1995 ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) ( Lee and Kim 2000 ; Basra et al. , 2003 ) who described improved sprouting rate and per centum in seeds subjected to hydropriming and seed hardening for 24 H. This survey revealed that osmo, food and hormonal priming could inspire mungbean seeds. One of the grounds for reduced MET is that during pre-sowing seed treatments the quiescence of the seed is broken and the seed bio-chemical procedures commences, which lead to faster sprouting and outgrowth ( Farooq et al. , 2006 ) . Seed priming ensured the proper hydration, which resulted in enhanced activity of a-amylase that hydrolyzed the macro amylum molecules in to smaller and simple sugars. The handiness of instant nutrient to the shooting seed gave a vigorous start as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds ( Farooq et al.,2006 ) during priming de novo synthesis of a-amylase is besides documented ( Lee and Kim, 2000 ) . Early outgrowth as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds may be due to the faster production of sprouting metabolites ( Saha et al. 1990 ; Lee A ; Kim 2000 ; Basra et Al. 2005 ) and better familial fix, i.e. earlier and faster synthesis of DNA, RNA and p roteins ( Bray et al. 1989 ) . Gray and Steckel ( 1983 ) besides concluded that priming increased embryo length, which resulted in early induction of sprouting in carrot seeds. The increased shoot and root length in fit workss can be due to metabolic fix of harm during intervention and that alteration in sprouting events i.e. , alterations in enzyme concentration and formation and decrease of slowdown clip between imbibition and radicle outgrowth ( Bradford et al. , 1990 ) . Treated seeds had stronger embryos that were able to more easy emerge from seeds ( Harris et al. , 2005 ) . These consequences are besides in line with the findings of Sekiya et Al. ( 2009 ) who reported enhanced root and shoot length of seedlings obtained from P enriched seeds. To lend to works growing and development seed priming has been widely reported technique ( Harris et al. , 2005 ) . Ajouri et Al. ( 2004 ) reported a stimulation of P and Zn uptake, every bit good as an improved sprouting and seedling growing in barley after soaking seeds in H2O and in solutions incorporating 5-500 millimeter P. It has been besides reported fresh seeds had higher energy degrees ( Ruan et al. 2002 ) , which resulted in earlier start of outgrowth as high energies seed tonss performed better than low vigour 1s ( Hampton and Tekrony 1995 ) . Yamauchi and Winn ( 1996 ) besides reported positive correlativity between seed energies and field public presentation in rice. Earlier, Zheng et Al. ( 2002 ) reported earlier and unvarying outgrowth in rice seeds osmoprimed with KCl and CaCl2 and assorted salts under afloat conditions. Hydropriming improved the early and vigorous harvest constitution in corn ( Nagar et al. 1998 ) and Helichrysum bracteatum L. ( Grzesik A ; Nowak 1998 ) . However, other surveies resulted in hapless outgrowth from hydroprimed Kentucky blue grass seeds under field conditions ( Pill A ; Necker 2001 ) . However Nascimento and West ( 1999 ) reported early sprouting of fit seeds but non recorded any betterment in the growing of seedlings in sweet melon seeds under research lab conditions. Confusing consequences, where priming did non demo any good consequences, besides reported by different research workers ( Mwale et al. , 2003 ; Giri and Schillinger, 2003 ) . The addition of nodulation, seedling energy and tolerance to emphasiss may depend on assorted factors happening during priming intervention. One hypothesis is that benefits of priming can be due to metabolic fix of harm during intervention and that alteration in sprouting events i.e. , alterations in enzyme concentration and formation and reduces lag clip between imbibition and radicle outgrowth ( Bradford et al. , 1990 ) . One of the possible grounds for early nodule formation may be due to enhanced activity of a-amylase and sucrose synthase in primed seeds which may ease works growing and energy ( Lee and Kim, 2000 ) . From the present survey it may be concluded that seed priming may heighten the seedling energy of mungbean. Nutrient priming utilizing phosphoric and osmopriming with Osmitrols were the most efficient priming interventions in this survey. In farther research work biochemical footing for the enhanced phenology of mungbean may be evaluated. Mentions Aquilla D. A. , V. Tritto. 1991. Germination and biochemical activities in wheat seeds following delayed harvest home, ageing and osmotic priming. Seed Sci.Tech.19:73 82. Anonymous.2009. Agriculture statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Economic wing, Islamabad. Pp. 46-47. Association of Official Seed Analysis ( AOSA ) . 1998. Rules for proving seeds. J. Seed Tec.12:1-112. Association of Official Seed Analysis ( AOSA ) .1983.Seed Vigor Testing Handbook. Contribution No. 32 to the Handbook on Seed Testing. Barber, S. A. 1995. Soil alimentary bioavailability, 2nd edn. Willey, New York Basra, S. M. A. , M. Farooq, K. Hafeez and N. Ahmad. 2004. Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed animation. Int. Rice Res.Notes.29:80 81. Basra SMA, Farooq M, Tabassum R. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33:623 628. Basra S. M. A. , M. N. Zia, T. Mehmood, I. Afzal, A. Khaliq.2002. Comparison of different animation techniques in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) seeds. Pak. J Arid Agric.5:11 16. Basra, S. M A. , Farooq, M. and Tabassum, R. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33:623-628. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. and Khaliq, A.2003.Comparative survey of pre-sowing seed sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci.1:5-9. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. , Hafeez, K and Ahmed, N.2004.Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed animation. Inter. Rice Res.Notes.27:74-75. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. , Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33: 623-628. Basra, S.M.A. , M. Farooq and A. Khaliq. 2003.Comparative survey of pre-sowing seed sweetening interventions in indica rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Pakistan J. Life Soc.Sci.1: 5-9. Basra, S.M.A. , Zia, M.N. , Mehmood, T. , Afzal, I. and Khaliq, A.2002.Comparision of different animation techniques in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) seeds. Pak. J. Arid Agri.5:11-16. Bose, B. and Mishra, T. 1992. Response of wheat seed to pre-sowing seed interventions with Mg ( NO3 ) . Annals.Agri.Res.13:132-136. Bradford KJ, Steiner JJ, Trawatha SE.1990. Seed priming influence on sprouting and outgrowth of pepper seed tonss. Crop Sci.30:718 721. Bradford, K.J. , 1990. A H2O dealingss analysis of the seed sprouting rates. Plant Physiol.94:840-849. Bray C.M. , P.A. Davison, M. Ashraf, R.M. Taylor, Biochemical alterations during osmopriming of leek seeds, Ann.Bot.Lond.63:185-193. Bray, C.M. , Davison, P.A. , Ashraf, M. , Taylor, R.M. 1989. Biochemical alterations during osmopriming of leek seeds. Annalss Bot.36:185-193. Chojnowski M. , F. Corbineau, D. C A ; ocirc ; me, Physiological and biochemical alterations induced in helianthus seeds by osmopriming and subsequent drying, storage and ripening, Seed Sci.Res.7:323-331. Coolbear, P. , Francis, A. , Grierson, D.1984.The consequence of low temperature pre-sowing intervention under the sprouting public presentation and membrane unity of unnaturally aged tomato seeds. J.Exp.Bot.35:1609-1617. Rudrapal, D. , S. Nakamura, The consequence of hydration-dehydration pretreatments on aubergine and radish seed viability and energy. Seed Sci.Tech.16:123-130. Dahal, P. , Bradford, K.J. , 1990. Effectss of priming and endosperm unity on seed sprouting Das, J. C. , and A. K. Choudhury. 1996. Consequence of seed hardening, K fertiliser, and paraquat as anti-transpirant on rainfed wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) . Indian J. Agron. 41:397-400. Duman, I. 2006. Effectss of seed priming with PEG or K3PO4 on Germination and Seedling Growth in Lettuce. Pak. J. Bio. Sci. 9 ( 5 ) : 923-928 Ellis, R.A. and E.H. Roberts. 1981. The quantification of ageing and endurance in Orthodox seeds. Seed Sci. and Technol. 9: 373-409 Farooq M, Basra SMA, Cheema MA, Afzal I. 2006. Integration of pre-sowing soakage, chilling and heatingtreatments for energy sweetening in rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.34:499 506. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K, Ahmad N. 2005. Thermal hardening: A new seed energy enhancement tool in rice. J.Integ.PlantBio.47:87 193. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K, Warriach EA. 2004. The influence of high and low temperature interventions on the seed sprouting and seedling energy of coarse and all right rice. Int.RiceRes.Notes.29:69 71. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K. 2006. Seed animation by osmohardening in all right and harsh rice. Seed Sci.Tech.34:181 187. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Karim HA, Afzal I. 2004. Optimization of seed indurating techniques for rice seed animation. Emir.J.Agric.Sci.16:48 57. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Hafeez, K and Ahmad, N. 2005.Thermal hardening: a new seed energy enhancement tool in rice. Ac.Bot.Sin.47:187-193. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Hafeez, K and Warriach, E.A. 2004.The influence of high and low temperature interventions on the seed sprouting and seedling energy of coarse and all right rice. Inter. Rice Res.29:69-71. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. 2006. Evaluation of seed vigour sweetening techniques on physiological and biochemical footing in harsh rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) Seed Sci.Tech.34:741-750. Farooq, M. , S.M. A. Basra and R.Tabassum.2006. Enhancing the public presentation of direct seeded all right rice by seed priming. Plant Prod. Sci.4: 446-456. Fu, J.R. , X.H. Lu, R.Z. Chen, B.Z. Zhang, Z.S. Liu, Z.S. Li, et al. , Osmoconditioning of peanut ( Arachis hypogen L. ) seeds with PEG to better energy and some biochemical activities. Seed Sci.Tech.16:197-212. Giri, G. S and W. F. Schillinger, 2003. Seed priming winter wheat for sprouting, outgrowth and output. Crop Sci. , 43: 2135-2141 Grandi, T.M. , G. J. Marinho, D. A. Lopes, and A. P. Araujo, 1999. Consequence of seed phosphoric concentration on nodulation and growing of three common bean cultivars. J. Plant Nut. 22: 1599-1611. Grzesik M, Nowak J. 1998. Effectss of matriconditioning and hydropriming on Helichrysum bracteatum L. seed sprouting, seedling outgrowth and emphasis tolerance. Seed Sci Technol 26: 363 376. Hampton, J. G. and D. M. Tekrony. 1995. Handbook of ISTA vigour trial methods. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Zurich: ISTA. 10. Jeng TL, Sung JM. 1994. Hydration consequence on lipid peroxidation and peroxide-scavenging enzyme activity of unnaturally aged peanut seeds. Seed Sci Techn. 22: 531 539 Harris, D. 1996. The effects of manure, genotype, seed priming, deepness and day of the month of seeding on the outgrowth and early growing of Sorghum bicolor ( L. ) Moench in semi-arid Botswana. Harris, D. 2002. 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On-farm seed priming to better cropestablishment and output in direct-seeded rice. In IRRI: International Workshop on Dry-seeded Rice Technology, Bangkok, 25-28 January 2000. The International Rice Institute, Manila, The Philippines, 164 pp. Harris, D. , Tripathi, R. S. and Joshi, A.2002. On-farm seed priming to better harvest constitution and output in dry direct-seeded rice. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Direct Seeding in Asian Rice Systems: Strategic Research Issues and Opportunities, January Hisashi, K.N and A.M. Francisco.2005.Effects of 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone on the sprouting and a-amylase activity in boodle seeds. J. Plant Physiol.162: 1304-1307. Islam, A.K.M.A. , N. Anuar and Z. Yaakob, 2009. Consequence of genotypes and pre-sowing interventions on seed sprouting behaviour of Jatropha. Asiatic J. Plant Sci. 8: 433-439. Kaur, S. A. K. Gupta and N. Kaur. 2005. Seed Priming Increases Crop Yield Possibly by Modulating Enzymes of Sucrose Metabolism in Chickpea. 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McDonald, M.B. 2000.Seed priming. In: Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis ( explosive detection systems. M. Black and J.D. Bewley ) , Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England. pp. 287-326. Musa, A. M. , D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Short continuance garbanzo to replace fellow after AMAN rice: The function of on-farm seed priming in the high barind piece of land of Bangladesh. Expl Agric. 37: 509-521. M. Black and J.D. Bewley ( explosive detection systems. ) Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England. McDonald M.B. 1999. Seed priming, in: M. Black, J.D. Bewley ( Eds. ) , Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK. 287-325. Mwale, S.S. , Hamusimbi and K. Mwansa, 2003. Germination, outgrowth and growing of helianthus ( Helianthus annus L. ) in response to osmotic seed priming. Seed Sci. Technol. , 31: 199-206. Nagar R. P. , M. Dadlani and S. P. Sharma. 1998. Consequence of hydropriming on field outgrowth and harvest growing of corn genotypes. Seed Sci Res 26: 1 5. Nayyar, H. , D. P. Walia and B. L. Kaishta.1995. Performance of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) seeds primed with growing regulators and inorganic salts. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 65: 112-116, Nascimento, W. M. ansd S. H. West, 1999. Muskmelon transplant production in response to seed priming. Hort.Tech.9:53-55. Naseem, S. B. , Khan, A. H. , Islam, M. , Mollah, U. and Ali, M. A. 1997. Consequence of seeding methods and changing surface dirt wet on the base constitution of mungbean ( Vigna radiata L. ) . Bang. J.Scienti.Indus.Res.32:295-301. Nerson, H. and Govers, A. 1986. Salt priming of sweet melon seeds for low temperature germination.Scien.Hort.28:85-91. Peopless, M. B. , D. F. Herridge and J. K. Ladha. 1995. Biological N arrested development. An efficient beginning of N for sustainable agricultural production. Plant and Soil. 174: 3-28. Pill, W. G. and A. D. Necker. 2001. The effects of seed interventions on sprouting and constitution of Kentucky blue grass ( Poa pratensis L. ) . Seed Sci Technol 29: 65 72. Pill, W.G. 1995. Low H2O potency and pre-sowing sprouting interventions to better seed quality. In: A.S. Basra ( ed. ) . Seed quality. Food Products Press, Binghampton, N.Y. , p. 319-359 Ruan, S. , Xue Q and Tylkowska R. 2002. Effectss of seed priming on sprouting and wellness of rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) seeds. Seed Sci Technol 30: 451 458. Rahmianna, A.A. , T. Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop constitution of leguminous plants in rain fed lowland rice-based cropping system. Soil Tillage Res.56: 67-82. Rashid, A. , Harris, D. , P. Hollington and Ali, S. 2004. On-farm seed priming reduces yield losingss of mungbean ( Vigna indiata ) associated with mungbean xanthous mosaic virus in NWFP of Pakistan. Crop protect. 23: 1119-1124. Rudrapal D, Nakamura S. 1998. 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The Sepoy Mutiny Of 1857 Essays - British East India Company

The Sepoy Mutiny Of 1857 Essays - British East India Company The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 As with any conflict or controversy there are always two sides to the debate, and the events in India during 1857 are certainly no exception. Given the situation in India during the nineteenth century it is hardly surprising that such a polarisation of opinion exists regarding the context of the rebellious events during that year. The British being in control of the subcontinent and their sense of superiority over their Indian subjects, would naturally seek to downplay any acts of rebellion. While the Indian subjects on the other hand would arguably wish to exaggerate and over emphasise the importance of these events, as a means of promoting the nationalist cause for self determination. The truth of the events themselves, does it lie towards the British account or the Indian pro nationalistic side, or could there be a certain amount of truth in both sides of the debate. Metcalf in his account cites three indisputable factors behind the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. Primarily he sees `accumulating grievances of the Sepoy Army of Bengal' as the most important factor. The reasons behind this `deterioration of morale' amongst the army lay with several reasons. Much of the Sepoy army was comprised of `Brahmins and other high caste Hindus' who assisted in promoting a `focus of sedition'. The `generally poor ezdard of British officers', plus the lack of improvement to the overall position of those men serving in the army also increased the level of tension. At this point it should be remembered that the `Bengal Army differed from those of Bengal and Madras', as the Bombay and Madras armies took no part in the rebellion of 1857. But the more pronounced military factor was the lack of British troops in the `Gangetic plain' meant that many areas were `virtually denuded of British troops'. These military grievances which although significant were not themselves enough to incite rebellion, as it took a perceived attack on the Sepoy religious institutions to trigger of the rebellion. The first of these perceived threats was that the British government was preparing to dismantle the caste system and `convert them forcibly to Christianity'. Although not based on fact the actions of some `pious British officers did nothing to dispel' the rumours to the contrary. Added to this British lethargy was the Brahmins who tended to be `peculiarly watchful for potential threats to their religion and caste'. Secondly, the introduction in 1857 of the `new Enfield rifle' with its distinct ammunition, which required the bullet to be `bitten before loading'. Rumours that the grease used on the bullets was either from the fat of cattle or pigs, which either proved `sacred to Hindus' or `pollution to Muslims', was interpreted as attacking at the core of the Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs. These rumours unlike those regarding the conversion to Christianity and dismantling of the caste system, did prove to have a factual basis, as the British government `withdrew the objectionable grease'. This belated action proved futile as the damage had already been done. However this only accounts for the military aspects of the uprising which display the version of events `accepted in official circles [as] basically army mutinies'. This version preferred by the British fails to acknowledge the level of `widespread unrest among the civilian population', who saw much of the British government's actions as amounting to interference and contempt for the `long established rules and customs'. Disraeli saw the causes of the uprising as not being the `conduct of men who were ... the exponents of general discontent' amongst the Bengal army. For Disraeli the root cause was the overall administration by the government, which he regarded as having `alienated or alarmed almost every influential class in the country'. Yet other British saw the overall social situation and government administration as having no effect in causing the uprising. For officials like Sir John Lawrence the `immediate cause of the revolt' was the concerns held by Sepoys over the new ammunition for the Enfield rifles. However, he sees this as just the trigger incident, with the root cause being the long term reduction in discipline in the army and the poor ezdard of officers in command. The British ezdpoint is to regard

3d imaging using matlab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

3d imaging using matlab - Essay Example However, none of these algorithms succeed to process more than a few tens of images when the amount of missing elements reaches 90% of the measurement matrix and cameras have large field of view (Martinec & Pajdla 2005). (Martinec & Pajdla 2005) proposes an algorithm has the following advantages: First, it provides an overall scene structure in a single step without requirements such as linear ordering of images in a sequence. Second, the solution is obtained as a global optimum of a reasonable cost function defined on an approximation to the original SFM (structure-from-motion) problem. (Martin & Doerry 2005) modify the existing Polar Format MATLAB implementation utilizing the Chirp Z-Transform that improves performance and memory usage achieving near real-time results for smaller apertures. They also add two new image formation options that perform a more traditional interpolation style image formation. These options allow the continued exploration of possible interpolation methods for image formation and some preliminary results comparing image quality are given. In this paper we review the principles used in reconstruction of three dimension images from two dimension images from a digital camera. The reconstruction algorithm of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is presented and implemented in MATLAB in the following sections. This section overviews the process of representing a three-dimensional world into a two-dimensional representation. The projection process loses one dimension. This process is usually central projection in which a ray from a point in space is drawn from a three dimension world point through a fixed point in space, the centre of projection. This ray will intersect the chosen plane as the image plane. The intersection of the ray with the image plane represents the image of the point. This projection is similar to the camera in which a ray of light from a point in the world passes through the lens of a camera